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--- rfc:unicode_text_processing [2022/11/09 16:47] – created first rough draft derick
+++ rfc:unicode_text_processing [2022/12/21 11:48] (current) – Added concat and equals methods; changed join to accept an iterator; Enhance explanation of locales and collations, and standardize on using ''$collator'' as an argument name everywhere. derick
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ====== PHP RFC: Unicode Text Processing ======
-  * Version: 0.9
+  * Version: 0.9.2
-  * Date: 2022-11-09
+  * Date: 2022-12-21 (Original date: 2022-12-15)
   * Author: Derick Rethans <derick@php.net>
-  * Status: *Rough* Draft
+  * Status: Draft
   * First Published at: http://wiki.php.net/rfc/unicode_text_processing
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 This RFC suggests to introduce a new class to make using and processing
-(Unicode) text significantly more developer friendly compared to the wealth of
+(Unicode) text significantly more developer friendly compared to the
-functionality that the intl extension provides. The goal is to make it easy for
+wealth of functionality that the intl extension provides. The goal is to
-developers to do Unicode text processing correctly. The RFC does not aim to
+create an API that developers can use to do Unicode text processing
-introduce a class that does everything that the intl extension provides with
+correctly, without having to know all the intricacies.
-regards to Unicode strings.
+Although PHP has decent maths features, it is solely missing performant
+Unicode text processing always available in the core.
+==== Definitions ====
+^ Term ^ Description ^
+| Grapheme | A Unicode "character". A **single** character includes: a normal character (p), a character with diacritics (ô), a character with space modifiers, or an emoji (☺). |
 ===== Proposal =====
-To introduce a new "Text" class, with methods to operate on the text stored
+To introduce a new final "Text" class, with methods to operate on the
-in the objects.
+text stored in the objects.
 Methods on the class will all return a new (immutable) object.
+The proposal is to make the ''Text'' class part of the PHP core. This would
+mean that it is therefore always available to user. As the implementation
+requires ICU, this would also mean that PHP will depend on the ICU library.
+==== Basics ====
+Text objects are constructed by passing a UTF-8 encoded string to the
+constructor.
+The ''_****_toString()'' method collapses the internally stored text into a
+UTF-8 encoded string, which can be used by all existing PHP functions
+that accept strings.
+The internal representation of the text is UTF-16, as that's what ICU uses.
+Unlike the PHP 6 approach, the conversion to/from the internal
+representation only happens on the boundaries: UTF-8 to UTF-16 through
+the constructor, and the reverse through the ''_****_toString()'' method.
+There are multiple groups of methods indicated below. Some are to
+represent PHP's existing string functions (substr, wordwrap, etc.), but
+with meaningful names.
+Design Goals:
+  * keep it simple
+  * default behaviour should be the most expected
+  * prefer a method per function, instead of allowing the behaviour of a method to be changed through (optional) arguments.
+  * operations are on **graphemes**
+  * no redundant methods that can be constructed from other methods, unless they already exist in PHP, or are frequently used
+  * more as we discuss this...
+Non Design Goals:
+  * introduce every feature of the intl extension
+Each section below contains a list of expected methods. This list is
+currently not exhaustive. Please join the discussion on the mailing list
+to suggest modifications or additions, keeping the design goals in mind.
+If an argument to any of the methods is listed as ''string|Text'',
+passing in a ''string'' value will have the same semantics as replacing
+the passed value with ''new Text($string)''. The locale and default collator
+from the Text object that this method is called on is also used for this new
+wrapped value, if necessary.
+==== Locales, Collators, and Internationalisation ====
+By default each string will have the "root" locale and "standard" collator
+associated with it, but it is possible to configure a specific locale and
+collator by using the ''$collation'' argument in the constructor. Collation is in
+addition to the locale, and affects sorting and finding operations.
+The ''$collation'' is specified as a string describing an ICU locale/collation
+name:
+https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/collation/api.html#instantiating-the-predefined-collators
+The methods on the Text object all use the ''$collation'' argument name.
+For example, the locale (and collation) name ''en-u-ks-level1'' means
+case-insensitive sorting (''ks-level1'') for the English locale (''en-u'').
+The format of this locale/collation name needs extensive documentation.
+Numerical order collation (such as PHP's ''natsort()'') can be achieved by
+adding the ''kn'' flag to the collator specification, such as in ''de-u-kn''
+(case-sensitive German ('''de-u''), with numerics in value order (''kn'')).
+Other options are described in BCP47:
+https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/main/common/bcp47/collation.xml
+and defaults at http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-collation.html#Collation_Settings
+Building a locale/collation string will also be possible by using a
+''TextCollator'' object, to allow for better and easier-to-read customization
+of collations. The class performs the same function as ''\Intl\Collator''
+(https://www.php.net/manual/en/class.collator.php), except that it has
+descriptive methods to set collation properties. The reason for a separate
+class is so that you don't have to depend on the ''Intl'' extension, and to
+make it more developer-friendly. It converts the configured options to a
+string, which can then be used in any location where ''string $collator'' is
+used in the function signatures to the methods on the ''Text'' class.
+==== Construction ====
+This section lists all the method that construct a Text object.
+=== __construct(string $text, string $collation = 'root/standard') : \Text ===
 The constructor takes a UTF-8 encoded text, and stores this in an internal
 structure. The constructor will also convert the given text to Unicode
-Canonical Form. Passing in non-well-formed UTF-8 will result in an
+Canonical Form (also called Normalisation Form C, or NFC). Passing in
-`InvalidEncodingException`. The constructor will also strip out a BOM
+non-well-formed UTF-8 will result in an ''InvalidEncodingException''.
-(Byte-Order-Mark) character, if present.
+The constructor will also strip out a BOM (Byte-Order-Mark) character,
+if present.
-By default each string will have the "root" locale associated with it, but it
-is possible to configure a specific locale by using the `$locale` argument in
-the constructor.
-The ``__toString()`` method collapses the internally stored text into a
+=== static Text::create(string $text, string $collation = 'root/standard') : \Text ===
-UTF-8 encoded string, which can be used by all existing PHP functions that
-accept strings.
-Methods fall into multiple groups. Some to implement PHP's existing
+The Symfony String package, offers a static function to construct a String
-string functions (substr, wordwrap, etc.), but with meaningful names. A
+through a single-character function (''u''), which you can import into the
-design goal is to rather create more methods, than allowing the behaviour of
+file scope (with ''use'').
-methods to be changed through (optional) arguments.
-The internal representation would be UTF-16, as that's what ICU uses. Unlike
+This method solves a similar use, so that you can shorten ''new Text(…)'' to
-the PHP 6 approach, the conversion to/from the internal representation only
+''t'' after having imported the method into the file's scope with:
-happens on the boundaries: UTF-8 to UTF-16 through the constructor, and the
+For example with ''use \Text::create as t''.
-reverse through the ``__toString()`` method.
-==== Groups of Methods ====
-Each section will contain a list of expected methods, which from the start
+=== static Text::concat(string|Text ...$elements) : \Text ===
-might not be exhaustive. Please join the discussion on the mailing list to
-suggest modifications or additions, keeping the design goals in mind.
-=== Construction ===
+Creates a new Text object by concatenating all the given string/Text arguments
+into a new Text object.
-``__construct(string $text, string $locale = 'C')``
+If the ''$elements'' array is empty, an empty ''Text'' object with the
+''root'' locale and ''standard'' collation is created.
-=== Standard String Operations ===
-All string operators operate on **graphemes**, which are generally: a normal
+=== static Text::join(iterable<string|Text> $elements, string|Text $separator, string $collation = NULL) : \Text ===
-character, a character with diacritics, a character with space modifiers, or
-an emojis.
-I am not sure if these should accept `string|Text` or only `Text` as
+Creates a new Text object by looping over all the string/Text elements in
-`$textToFind`. Accepting a string makes for a easier to use API, but with the
+''$elements'', inserting ''$separator'' in between each element.
-caveat that we internally need to convert it pretty much to a `Text` object
-any way.
-``splitByText(Text $separator, int $limit = PHP_INT_MAX): array(Text)``
+The semantics are like: ''implode(string $separator, array(string) $array)''
-	Returns an array of Text objects, each of which is a substring of `$this`,
-	formed by splitting it on boundaries formed by the text `$separator`.
-	Like `explode($separator, $limit)`.
+If the ''$collation'' is not specified, it uses the collation of the first
+element from the ''$elements'' iterable. This will also be then set on the
+created object.
-``static Text::joinFromTexts(array(Text) $elements, Text $separator``
+If the ''$elements'' iterator has no items, an empty ''Text'' object with the
-	Creates a new Text object by concatenating the each Text element in
+''root'' locale and ''standard'' collation is created.
-	`$elements`, inserting `$separator` in between each element.
-	Semantics like `implode(string $separator, array(string) $array);`
+If the iterator produces a non-string/Text element, then a ''\ValueException''
+will be thrown.
-``subString(int $offset, int $length) : Text|false``
+==== Standard String Operations ====
-	Returns a sub-string, starting at `$offset` for `$length` graphemes.
-	Like: `grapheme_substr($this, $offset, $length)`
-	https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.grapheme-substr.php
-``trimLeft``
+=== split(string|Text $separator, int $limit = PHP_INT_MAX) : array(Text) ===
-``trimRight``
-``trim``
-	Removes white space at the start of, the end of, or both sides of the text.
-	Like: `ltrim`, `rtrim`, and `trim`, but with using the unicode definition
+Returns an array of Text objects, each of which is a substring of ''$this'',
-	of what white space is. https://unicode.org/reports/tr44/#White_Space
+formed by splitting it on boundaries formed by the text ''$separator''.
-``wrap(int $maxWidth, bool $cutLongWords = false) : array(Text)``
+Like ''explode($separator, $limit)''.
-	Wraps a text to a given number of graphemes into an array of Text objects.
-	Like: `wordwrap`, but based on graphemes and returning an array instead of
-	inserting a break character.
-	If `$cutLongWords` is set, no Text element will be larger than
+=== subString(int $offset, int $length) : Text|false ===
-	`$maxWidth`.
-``replaceText(Text $search, Text $replace)`` ??
+Returns a sub-string, starting at ''$offset'' for ''$length'' graphemes.
-``replaceTextCaseInsensitively(Text $search, Text $replace)`` ??
+Like: ''grapheme_substr($this, $offset, $length)''
-	Will have to use locales too.
+https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.grapheme-substr.php
-``reverse()``
+=== trimStart, trimEnd, trim : \Text ===
-	Reverses a text, taking into account grapheme boundaries.
-=== Finding text in text ===
+Removes white space at the start of, the end of, or both sides of the text.
+Like: ''ltrim'', ''rtrim'', and ''trim'', but with using the Unicode definition
+of what white space is. https://unicode.org/reports/tr44/#White_Space
+=== wrap(int $maxWidth, bool $cutLongWords = false) : array(Text) ===
+Wraps a text to a given number of graphemes per line, into an array of Text
+objects.
+Like: ''wordwrap'', but based on graphemes and returning an array instead of
+inserting a break character.
+If ''$cutLongWords'' is set, no Text element will be larger than
+''$maxWidth''.
+=== reverse() : \Text ===
+Reverses a text, taking into account grapheme boundaries.
+==== Finding Text in Text ====
 Methods to find text in other text.
-``getPositionOfFirstOccurrence(string|Text $textToFind, int $offset) : int|false``
+In all these methods, the locale and collator of ''$search'' are used to find
-	Returns the position (in grapheme units) of the first occurrence of
+sub-strings that match, if it is a ''Text'' object, otherwise the locale and
-	`$textToFind` starting at the (grapheme) `$offset`, or false if not found.
+collator that are embedded in the object that the method is called on is used.
-	Like: `grapheme_strpos($this, $textToFind, $offset)`
-	https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.grapheme-strpos.php
-``getPositionOfLastOccurrence(string|Text $textToFind, int $offset) : int|false``
+=== getPositionOfFirstOccurrence(string|Text $search, int $offset) : int|false ===
-	Like `getPositionOfFirstOccurrence` but then from the end of the text.
-``returnFromFirstOccurence(string|Text $textToFind) : Text|false``
+Returns the position (in grapheme units) of the first occurrence of
-	Returns the `Text` starting with the `$textToFind` if found, and
+''$search'' starting at the (grapheme) ''$offset'', or false if not found.
-	otherwise `false`.
-	Like: `grapheme_strstr($this, $textToFind)`
+Like: ''grapheme_strpos($this, $search, $offset)''
-	(https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.grapheme-strstr.php)
+https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.grapheme-strpos.php
-``returnFromLastOccurence(string|Text $textToFind) : Text|false``
+Alternative suggested names: ''findOffset''
-	Like `returnFromFirstOccurence` but then from the end of the text.
-`compareWith(Text $other) : int` (or also the Text's compare handler)
-	Needs to use a locale, and sorting text strength (to avoid all the many
-	options)... perhaps use Intl's collator instead? Or have two methods?
-`compareWithNaturalOrder(Text $other) : int`
+=== getPositionOfLastOccurrence(string|Text $search, int $offset) : int|false ===
-	Like `strnatcmp`/`strnatcasecmp`. Would be a short cut for using
-	`compareWithCollator` with a `$collator` with the NUMERIC_COLLATION option
-	turned on.
-`compareWithCollator(Text $other, \Intl\Collator $collator) : int`
-``contains(Text $string)``
+Like ''getPositionOfFirstOccurrence'' but then from the end of the text.
-	Returns true if the text `$string` can be found in the text.
-	Like `str_contains`.
+Alternative suggested names: ''findOffsetLast''
-``endsWith(Text $string)``
-``startsWith(Text $string)``
+=== returnFromFirstOccurence(string|Text $search) : Text|false ===
+Returns the ''Text'' starting with the ''$search'' if found, and
+otherwise ''false''.
-Case-insensitive variants are not included. If you need this, convert the
+Like: ''grapheme_strstr($this, $search)''
-text(s) with ``toLower`` first. Or allow for using Intl's Collator? That'd be
+(https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.grapheme-strstr.php)
-nicer...
-=== Case Conversions ===
+Alternative suggested names: ''startingWith'', ''startingAt''
-``toLower``
-	Converts the text to lower case, using the lower case variant of each
-	Unicode code point that makes up the text.
-``toUpper``
+=== returnFromLastOccurence(string|Text $search) : Text|false ===
-``toTitle``
+Like ''returnFromFirstOccurence'' but then from the end of the text.
-i
-``firstToLower``
-	Converts the first grapheme in the text to a lower case variant.
-``firstToUpper``
+Alternative suggested names: ''startingWithLast'', ''startingAtLast''
-``firstToTitle``
+=== contains(string|Text $search) ===
-=== Counting ===
+Returns true if the text ''$search'' can be found in the text.
-`getByteCount()`
+Like ''str_contains''.
-	Returns the size in bytes that the text will take when converted to UTF-8.
-`length()`
-`getCharacterCount()`
-	Returns the number of characters that make up the text. A character (also
-	sometimes call a grapheme) consists of the base-character, and all
-	combining diacritics. Unicode calls these "extended grapheme clusters".
-	http://unicode.org/reports/tr29/#Grapheme_Cluster_Boundaries
-`getCodePointCount()`
+=== endsWith(string|Text $search) : bool ===
-	Returns the number of Unicode code points that make up the text.
-	(Not sure if we should add this, as it doesn't really have any use).
-`countWords()`
+Compares the last ''$search.Length()'' graphemes of ''$this''.
-	Pretty much a shortcut for::
+Case-insensitive comparison can be achieved by setting the right
+''$collation'' on ''$search''.
+Could be constructed from ''getPositionOflastOccurrence()'' and
+''length()'', but it's an often required method, and standard PHP has it
+too.
+=== startsWith(string|Text $search) : bool ===
+Compares the first ''$search.Length()'' graphemes of ''$this''.
+Case-insensitive comparison can be achieved by setting the right
+''$collation'' on ''$search''.
+Could be constructed from ''getPositionOfFirstOccurrence()'',
+but it's an often required method, and standard PHP has it
+too.
+=== replaceText(string|Text $search, string|Text $replace, int $replaceFrom = 0, int $replaceTo = -1 ) : \Text ===
+Replaces occurrences of ''$search'' with ''$replace''.
+The ''$replaceFrom'' and ''$replaceTo'' arguments control which found
+items are being replaced. The ''$replaceFrom'' argument is the first
+argument that is being replaced (0-indexed), and ''$replaceTo'' is the
+last item. Positive numbers are counted from the first occurrence of
+''$search'' in the Text, and negative numbers from the last found
+occurrence.
+In order to find sub-strings case-insensitively, you can use the ''$collation''
+argument to ''Text::__construct'' of the ''$search'' argument.
+==== Comparing Text Objects ====
+=== compareWith(Text $other, string $collation = NULL) : int ===
+Uses the configured ''$collation'' of ''$this'' to compare it against
+''$other'', unless the ''$collation'' argument is specified as an override.
+This same method is also used for comparing two Text objects as "compare
+handler" (an overloaded ''=='' operator). Here only the locale on ''$this'' is
+taken into account.
+=== equals(Text $other, string $collation = NULL) : boolean ===
+Alias for ''compareWith($other, $collation) === 0''.
+==== Case Conversions ====
+These operations all use the collation that is configured on the Text object.
+=== toLower : \Text ===
+Converts the text to lower case, using the lower case variant of each
+Unicode code point that makes up the text.
+Example: ''Het Ĳsselmeer is vol met ideëen'' to ''het ĳsselmeer is vol met ideëen''.
+=== toUpper : \Text ===
+The same, but then to upper case.
+Example: ''Het Ĳsselmeer is vol met ideëen'' to ''HET ĲSSELMEER IS VOL MET IDEËEN''.
+=== toTitle : \Text ===
+The same, but then to title case (the first letter of each word).
+Example: ''Het Ĳsselmeer is vol met ideëen'' to ''Het Ĳsselmeer is Vol met Ideëen''.
+=== firstToLower : \Text ===
+Converts the first grapheme in the text to a lower case variant.
+Example: ''Het Ĳsselmeer is vol met ideëen'' to ''het Ĳsselmeer is vol met ideëen''.
+=== firstToUpper : \Text ===
+The same, but then to upper case.
+Example: ''Het Ĳsselmeer is vol met ideëen'' to ''Het Ĳsselmeer is vol met ideëen''.
+=== wordsToLower : \Text ===
+Converts the first grapheme in every word to an lower case variant.
+Example: ''Het Ĳsselmeer is vol met ideëen'' to ''het ĳsselmeer is vol met ideëen''.
+=== wordsToUpper : \Text ===
+The same, but then to upper case.
+Example: ''Het Ĳsselmeer is vol met ideëen'' to ''Het Ĳsselmeer Is Vol Met Ideëen''.
+==== Counting ====
+=== getByteCount() : int ===
+Returns the size in bytes that the text will take when converted to UTF-8.
+=== length(), getCharacterCount(): int  ===
+Returns the number of characters that make up the text. A character (also
+sometimes call a grapheme) consists of the base-character, and all
+combining diacritics. Unicode calls these "extended grapheme clusters".
+http://unicode.org/reports/tr29/#Grapheme_Cluster_Boundaries
+=== getCodePointCount() : int ===
+Returns the number of Unicode code points that make up the text.
+(Not sure if we should add this, as it doesn't really have any use).
+=== getWordCount() : int ===
+Pretty much a shortcut for::
 	$count = 0;
 	foreach ($text->getWordIterator as $word) { $count++ };
-	Uses the locale, just like the iterators.
+Uses the locale, just like the iterators.
-=== Iterators ===
+==== Iterators ====
 These functions return an iterator that can be used to iterator over the text.
 The return of the iterators are effected by the text's locale.
-``getCharacterIterator``
+These are inspired by ICU4J's BreakIterators
+(https://unicode-org.github.io/icu-docs/apidoc/released/icu4j/com/ibm/icu/text/BreakIterator.html)
+and Intl's create*Instance methods on ''Intl\BreakIterator''
+(https://www.php.net/manual/en/class.intlbreakiterator.php).
-``getLineIterator``
+=== getCharacterIterator : \Iterator ===
-``getSentenceIterator``
+Returns an Iterator that locates boundaries between logical characters.
+Because of the structure of the Unicode encoding, a logical character may be
+stored internally as more than one Unicode code point. (A with an umlaut may
+be stored as an 'a' followed by a separate combining umlaut character, for
+example, but the user still thinks of it as one character.) This iterator
+allows various processes (especially text editors) to treat as characters the
+units of text that a user would think of as characters, rather than the units
+of text that the computer sees as "characters".
-``getTitleIterator``
+=== getWordIterator : \Iterator ===
-``getWordIterator``
+Returns an Iterator that locates boundaries between words. This is useful
+for double-click selection or "find whole words" searches. This type of
+iterator makes sure there is a boundary position at the beginning and end
+of each legal word. (Numbers count as words, too.) Whitespace and punctuation
+are kept separate from real words.
+=== getLineIterator : \Iterator ===
-=== Transliteration ===
+Returns an Iterator that locates positions where it is legal for a text
+editor to wrap lines. This is similar to word breaking, but not the same:
+punctuation and whitespace are generally kept with words (you don't want a
+line to start with whitespace, for example), and some special characters can
+force a position to be considered a line-break position or prevent a position
+from being a line-break position.
+=== getSentenceIterator : \Iterator ===
+Returns an Iterator that locates boundaries between sentences.
+=== getTitleIterator : \Iterator ===
+Returns an Iterator that locates boundaries between title breaks.
+==== Transliteration ====
 Converts text between scripts and other properties.
-``transliterate(string $transliterationString)``
-``transliterate(\Intl\Transliterator $transliterator)``
+=== transliterate(string $transliterationString) : \Text ===
-With the first one being a "simple" one to use, and the second using Intl's
+Transliterates the content of the ''Text'' object according to the rules as
-Transliterator for more complex cases.
+specified in the ''$transliterationString''.
-Should we add shortcuts for a set of often used ones, such as `Any-Latin`? I
+There are a few constants for specific and often used cases, such as creating
-think so, as it's the majority use case.
+an ASCII transliterated version of any Text:
-``toLatin``
+ - const Text::toAscii : A shortcut for a transliteration string that converts
-	Converts any script to Latin.
+   any script to Latin, and also strips all the accents.
-``removeAccents``
+ - const Text::toLatin : A shortcut for a transliteration string that converts
-	Removes the accents from a (latin script) text.
+   any script to Latin, but does not remove the accents.
-	A shortcut for the transliteration string `"Latin-ASCII"` (or a more
+ - const Text::removeAccents : Removes the accents from a Text. A shortcut for
-	suitable one, which I believe is `"NFD; [:Nonspacing Mark:] Remove;
+   the transliteration string ''"NFD; [:Nonspacing Mark:] Remove; NFC."''.
-	NFC."`.
+===== Implementation Details =====
+The functionality as is described in this RFC is mostly implemented by using
+functionality from the ICU library, which is also used by the Intl extension.
+In order for PHP to continue to work on an as widest range of platforms and
+distributions, the minimum ICU version will be chosen accordingly to common
+Linux distributions' lowest version, which would include the version of PHP in
+which this functionality is implemented.
 ===== Backward Incompatible Changes =====
-Introducing a new class could impact code bases that already use this class
+Introducing a new ''Text'' class could impact code bases that already use this
-name. But as PHP owns the global namespace, this should not deter us from
+class name. But as PHP owns the global namespace, this should not deter us
-adding such a code class.
+from adding such a code class.
 ===== Proposed PHP Version(s) =====
@@ Line 261: / Line 495: @@
 ===== Open Issues =====
-==== Class Name ====
+  - Add a method a like mb_strcut, to extract a string of a maximum amount of bytes from a position, as encoded through UTF-8.
-I have currently picked "Text", as it describes that the object does not only
+===== Questions and Answers =====
-represent single words (strings). Alternatively, we can pick something like
-"Utext" (for Unicode Text), but I find that a distraction.
+==== Why is this not a composer package? ====
+The goal of this RFC is that PHP users can always rely on performant text
+processing capabilities.
+Text processors written in PHP already exist, but suffer from performance
+issues (PHP is slower than C), and are sometimes tailored to specific use
+cases. By having them written in C, and utilising ICU's well tested and often
+updated rules and algorithms, both the performance and correctness issues will
+be addressed.
 ===== Future Scope =====
@@ Line 283: / Line 525: @@
 ===== Implementation =====
 After the project is implemented, this section should contain
   - the version(s) it was merged into
   - a link to the git commit(s)
@@ Line 295: / Line 537: @@
 Nothing rejected yet.
+===== Changes =====
+.9.2 — 2022-12-21
+  * Tim Düsterhus: Added concat and equals methods; changed join to accept an iterator.
+  * Enhance explanation of locales and collations, and standardize on using ''$collator'' as an argument name everywhere.
+.9.1 — 2022-12-16
+  * Tim Düsterhus: Removed firstToTitle/wordsToTitle; added examples for toUpper and friends; added return types everywhere; added suggested other names for getPosition... methods; marked class as final.
+  * Paul Crovella: Clarify which normalisation is being used.
+  * Daniel Wolfe: Update trimLeft/trimRight to trimStart/trimEnd.

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